Anesthesia management of athletes' operation in Beijing Olympic Winter Games.

According to literature reports, the injury rate of the athletes in Olympic Winter Games recent years was as high as 10%-14%. Combined with the background of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the medical insurance work of the 24th Olympic Winter Games held in Beijing had put forward more complicated requirements and more severe challenges. In order to better optimize anesthesia management, this article summarized the perioperative treatment of athletes in Olympic Winter Games, the safety protection strategy of medical staff under general anesthesia, and the potential impact of peri-operative drugs on athletes. Anesthesiologists, as the core members of the rescue team, should be familiar with the particularity of operative anesthesia of athletes, sum up relevant experience to ensure the safety of perioperative patients. So all kinds of technical measures should be taken in the process of operation to minimize the indoor pollution caused by the patient's cough. For example, all the patients should wear N95 masks from the ward to the operating room, and after the operation, wear the N95 masks back to the ward. Although the International Olympic Committee had banned more than 200 drugs for participants and athletes who had to strictly follow International Olympic Committee requirements during anesthesia, the athletes were no longer participating in this Olympic Winter Games, so opioids (sufentanil and remifentanil) and glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) could be used according to the actual needs of surgery and anesthesia. Five athletes in Yanqing competition area underwent surgical anesthesia in Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital. All the five patients received general anesthesia, of whom four underwent orthopaedic surgery and one underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. General anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway was the first choice in the five patients. And the pain after orthopaedic surgery was severe and nerve block technique could effectively relieve the pain after surgery. Three patients received ultrasound-guided nerve block analgesia, the postoperative analgesia lasted 36 h. After the operation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was infused intravenously in the ward and all the patients recovered uneventfully. As the core member of the trauma rescue team, anesthesiologists should be familiar with the particularity of the athletes' surgical anesthesia, do a good job in medical security, and summarize relevant experience to ensure the life safety of the perioperative patients.

The COVID-19 Pandemic and the International Geographical Union

Having broken out in late 2019, COVID-19 has resulted in a once-in-a-century health emergency that has rapidly evolved into a global socio-economic crisis. As of March 2022, more than 450 million people were infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the cause of COVID-19, resulting in more than six million deaths (WHO, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation dashboard, 2022). The medical systems of many countries have been stretched to the verge of collapse and more than half of the global labor force has stood down. Not only has the pandemic doubled the number of people at risk of starvation to 270 million (Nature, 589:329-330, 2021), but it also pushed 100 million people into poverty in 2020, triggering the worst global recession since World War II (Blake and Wadhwa, 2020 year in review: the impact of COVID-19 in 12 charts, 2020), and increasing the risk of exposure to other pandemics related to ecosystem degradation (IPBES, Workshop report on biodiversity and pandemics of the intergovernmental platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Retrieved from Bonn, Germany, 2020;Yin et al., Geogr Sustain 2(1):68-73, 2021). The normal functioning of many organizations has also been hampered by the pandemic and disruptions to the global travel and tourism industry have been unprecedented. By way of an example, travel restrictions led to the postponement of the 2020 34th International Geographical Congress to the following year and, ultimately, the decision was made to transition to an entirely online format for the event. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

An Evaluation of the Impact of 0.05% Chlorhexidine on the Prevalence of Surgical Site Infections in Aesthetic Breast Surgery

Purpose of Study Surgical site infections (SSI) burden U.S. hospitals with around $1.5 billion annually. To reduce SSI, irrigating the incision with an antimicrobial solution before closure is recommended. Hence, we evaluate the impact of Irrisept, a form of diluted chlorohexidine 0.05%, on reducing the prevalence of SSI in a high-risk breast cosmetic surgery population. Methods Used We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data in the electronic medical record for breast implant exchange patients in one practice and analyzed infection rates between 42 patients from July 2018-June 2019 that did not receive Irrisept irrigation (control group) with 16 patients from July 2019-July2020 that received Irrisept irrigation (experimental group;significantly less due to Covid-19). We executed descriptive analyses, independent T test, ANOVA (for 3 types of incision location), and Chi-squared to assess comorbidities and intraoperative factors. Summary of Results Among the control group (n=42), 4 patients had a postoperative infection;in the experimental group (n=16), 0 had an infection (9.52% vs. 0%;p=0.04) suggesting the use of Irrisept significantly decreases SSI. The p values from the T test and ANOVA (p<0.05=significant) showed no significant differences in breast cancer (0.84), previous radiation (0.32), history of chemotherapy (0.57), obesity (0.40), renal failure (0.32), smoker/previous smoker (0.41), type of implant (0.32), incision location (0.68), acellular dermal matrix use (0.32), or drain use (0.58) between two groups. The only significant comorbidity was diabetes (p=0.04) with 9.52% (control) vs. 0% (experimental). However, greater percentage of experimental group were obese (25% vs.14.29%) and had a history of smoking (25% vs. 9.52%). Conclusions A concern regarding the implementation of Irrisept irrigation is associated costs. However, the results show the use of Irrisept decreases the infection rates, ultimately relieving the financial burden of postoperative infections. Therefore, we recommend irrigating the incisions of breast surgery patients with Irrisept as both a preventative and economic measure.

Preparation of two kinds of membranes with reverse wettability from waste masks for continuous oil/water separation

Resourceful use of waste masks (WMs) has become an important challenge for humanity with the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this work, WMs were treated by disinfection treatment and then modified via the in situ chemical deposition of SiO2 followed by the grafting of dopamine (DA) and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). By controlling the amount of DA or OTS added, WM-SiO2/DA (superhydrophilic) and WM-SiO2/OTS (hydrophobic) membranes were fabricated with reverse wettability with water contact angles of 0° and 147.5°, respectively. The WM-SiO2/DA and WM-SiO2/OTS membranes possessed attractive permeability toward water (6793 L m-2 h-1) and CCl4 (13 867 L m-2 h-1), together with separation efficiencies over 98.0% under gravity. Besides, the WM-SiO2/DA and WM-SiO2/OTS membranes were used in a T-shaped device for the analysis of continuous oil/water separation processes. The results showed that oil/water mixtures could be separated continuously regardless of the density of oil/water by virtue of the attractive permeability and separation efficiency. Furthermore, the membranes also demonstrated favorable stability and reusability under harsh operating conditions. Consequently, this work provides an effective and promising way to upcycle waste masks, especially in the field of oil/water separation. © 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Analysis of the diet of obese elementary school students using various dietary intake survey methods

Purpose: Childhood obesity has become a social problem due to the social distancing necessitated by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. This study aimed to identify the dietary problems of obese children through various dietary assessment methods and to confirm the usefulness of each method. Methods: The subjects were 88 students in the 4th to 6th grade of elementary school who participated in the nutrition camp organised by the Busan Metropolitan Office of Education, 2020. To evaluate dietary problems and assess diet quality, 24-hour meal records, monthly food intake frequency, and Dietary Screening Test (DST) data were analyzed. Results: Of the subjects, 15.7%, 30.3%, and 53.9% were normal weight, overweight, and obese, respectively. The average age was 11.77 ± 0.77 years and the average body mass index was 23.96 ± 3.01 kg/m2. It was observed from the 24-hour meal record method that the overweight and obese subject groups consumed fewer green vegetables (p < 0.001) and white vegetables (p < 0.01) than the normal weight group. In the monthly food intake frequency method, the consumption of ramen (p < 0.01), snacks (p < 0.05), and sausages (p < 0.05) were high in the obese group, and that of anchovies, broccoli, and sweet pumpkin was high in the normal group (p < 0.05). The comparative data from the DST revealed that the overweight and obese groups had less vegetable intake than the normal weight group (p < 0.01) and had higher intakes of dairy products, fast food, and sweet snacks (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The usefulness of each method in the dietary evaluation of obese children was confirmed. To address the problem of obesity, it is necessary to evaluate the dietary problem and approach it with a customized solution tailor-made for the individual subject. © 2023 The Korean Nutrition Society This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction and Prior Covid-19 Infection: Do Variants Matter?

Background Prior Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has been associated with endothelial injury and coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). We aimed to assess if there was an association between SARS-CoV-2 variants and the magnitude of CMD. Methods A prospective cohort of consecutive patients undergoing clinically indicated positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging were included. Cases that had a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed prior COVID-19 infection matched 1:3 on clinical and cardiovascular risk factors to controls with no prior COVID-19. Variants were estimated by the temporal prevalence at time of diagnosis based national reporting. Myocardial flow reserve (MFR) was determined by PET and CMD was defined as MFR<2. Results A total of 282 cases were matched to 869 controls;mean (+/-SD) age 65 (+/-12), 48% female. Most patients with prior COVID-19 infection were diagnosed when the Alpha/Beta variants were dominant (60.6% Alpha/Beta, 19.9% Omicron, 19.5% Delta). The highest rate of CMD was seen with patients diagnosed during the Delta dominance (56.4% Delta, 50% Omicron, 48.5% Alpha/Beta vs 27.7% controls, P for trend<0.001). Conclusion Our analysis shows the magnitude of COVID-19-associated CMD may differ based on the SARS-CoV-2 variant. [Formula presented]Copyright © 2023 American College of Cardiology Foundation

Detection of Face Mask Wearing for COVID-19 Protection based on Transfer Learning and Classic CNN Model

In 2020, COVID-19 swept the world. To prevent the spread of the outbreak, it is crucial to ensure that everyone wears a mask during daily travel and in public places. However, relying on human inspection alone is inevitably negligent and there is a potential risk of cross-contamination between people. Automated detection by means of cameras and artificial intelligence becomes a technical solution. By training convolutional neural networks, image recognition can be implemented and image classification can be performed as a solution to the target mask-wearing detection problem. To this end, in this thesis, three typical convolutional neural network architectures, VGG-16, Inception V3, and DenseNet-121, are used as models based on deep learning to investigate the mask-wearing detection problem by using transfer learning ideas. By building six different models and comparing the performance of different typical network architectures on the same dataset using two transfer learning methods, feature extraction and fine-tuning, we can conclude that DenseNet-121 is the typical architecture with the best performance among the three networks, and fine-tuning has better transfer ability than feature extraction in solving the target mask wearing detection problem. © 2022 IEEE.

[Analysis on the infection source of the first local cluster epidemic caused by the VOC/Gamma variant of SARS-CoV-2 in China].

Objective: To investigate a SARS-CoV-2 epidemic reported in Rongcheng City, Weihai, Shandong Province. Methods: The SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid positive patients and their close contacts were investigated, and the whole genome sequencing and genetic evolution analysis of 9 variant viruses were carried out. An infection source investigation and analysis were carried out from two sources of home and abroad, and three aspects of human, material and environment. Results: A total of 15 asymptomatic infections were reported in this epidemic, including 13 cases as employees of workshop of aquatic products processing company, with an infection rate of 21.67% (13/60). Two cases were infected people's neighbors in the same village (conjugal relation). The first six positive persons were processing workers engaged in the first process of removing squid viscera in the workshop of the company. The nucleic acid Ct value of the first time were concentrated between 15 and 29, suggesting that the virus load was high, which was suspected to be caused by one-time homologous exposure. The whole genome sequence of 9 SARS-CoV-2 strains was highly homologous, belonging to VOC/Gamma (Lineage P.1.15). No highly homologous sequences were found from previous native and imported cases in China. It was highly homologous with the six virus sequences sampled from May 5 to 26, 2021 uploaded by Chile. The infection source investigation showed that the company had used the squid raw materials captured in the ocean near Chile and Argentina from May to June 2021 over the last 14 days. Many samples of raw materials, products and their outer packages in the inventory were tested positive for nucleic acid. Conclusion: This epidemic is the first local epidemic caused by the VOC/Gamma of SARS-CoV-2 in China. It is speculated that the VOC/Gamma, which was prevalent in South America from May to June 2021, could be imported into China through frozen squid.

Do hospital and rail accessibility have a consistent influence on housing prices? Empirical evidence from China

This study investigates the interaction between the accessibility of various urban public facilities and the price of urban space by analysing the influence of urban hospitals and rail accessibility on housing prices. In recent years, with the development of social civilisation and the influence of COVID-19, people have become increasingly interested in the quality of hospitals in their living environment. This makes medical convenience (hospital accessibility) a crucial element in determining housing prices. At the same time, people regard rail as one of the important means to access hospitals. Therefore, demonstrating the intrinsic value of accessibility to hospitals and rail in residential areas is essential. As a point of reference, this paper presents an empirical analysis of Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, a city in a developing nation with relatively widespread access to hospitals during a significant rail construction period. The study demonstrates the interaction between hospital and rail accessibility and their moderate influence on housing prices, which is geographically heterogeneous. The study also determines the optimal metric model for assessing geographical interaction based on the significance and stability of the interaction in geographic space. It concludes with a discussion of the findings and social recommendations. Copyright © 2022 Chen, Lin, Cao, Han, You, Shyr, Lu and Huang.

Coronary microvascular health in patients with prior COVID-19 infection and no known CAD

Introduction: Although most patients recovering from acute COVID-19 infection have complete resolution of symptoms, some have cardiopulmonary symptoms lingering long after the acute phase of the disease. One proposed mechanism involves chronicity of COVID-19 associated with myocarditis and endotheliopathy. Purpose: To determine the coronary microvascular health of patients with prior COVID-19 and no known coronary artery disease (CAD) using positron emission tomography (PET). Methods: Cases consisting of patients without known CAD but previous COVID-19 infection who had clinically indicated PET imaging were matched 1:4 on clinical and cardiovascular risk factors to controls having no prior COVID-19 infection. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) in ml/gm/min was obtained from dynamic images at rest and peak hyperemia. The coronary flow reserve (CFR) was calculated as the ratio of stress to rest MBF of the left ventricle. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) was defined as CFR<2. Results: The study population consisted of 315 patients, 25% (n=80) of which had prior COVID-19 infection (mean±SD age 64±11 years, 46% men). The median (IQR) number of days between COVID-19 infection and PET imaging was 190 (85–268) days. After adjusting for age, gender and cardiovascular risk factors, patients with prior COVID-19 and no known CAD had a statistically significant higher odds of having a CFR <2 (OR 4.9, 95% CI 2.3–10.1 p<0.001) and CFR <2 normalized to patient's rate-systolic blood pressure product (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.6–5.0 p=0.001). The annualized event rate for the composite outcome of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, admission for heart failure exacerbation and late revascularization was higher in cases vs controls and in those with CMD. Conclusion: Our analysis showed that patients with prior COVID-19 and no known CAD had higher rates of CMD, and that the presence of CMD was associated with higher risk of incident cardiovascular events. Funding Acknowledgement: Type of funding sources: None.

Birds of a Feather Flock Together: How Set Bias Helps to Deanonymize You via Revealed Intersection Sizes

Secure two-party protocols that compute intersection-related statistics have attracted much attention from the industry. These protocols enable two organizations to jointly compute a function (e.g., count and sum) over the intersection of their sets without explicitly revealing this intersection. However, most of such protocols will reveal the intersection size of the two sets in the end. In this work, we are interested in how well an attacker can leverage the revealed intersection sizes to infer some elements' membership of one organization's set. Even disclosing an element's membership of one organization's set to the other organization may violate privacy regulations (e.g., GDPR) since such an element is usually used to identify a person between two organizations. We are the first to study this set membership leakage in intersection-size-revealing protocols. We propose two attacks, namely, baseline attack and feature-aware attack, to evaluate this leakage in realistic scenarios. In particular, our feature-aware attack exploits the realistic set bias that elements with specific features are more likely to be the members of one organization's set. The results show that our two attacks can infer 2.0 similar to 72.7 set members on average in three realistic scenarios. If the set bias is not weak, the feature-aware attack will outperform the baseline one. For example, in COVID-19 contact tracing, the feature-aware attack can find 25.9 tokens of infected patients in 135 protocol invocations, 1.5 x more than the baseline attack. We discuss how such results may cause negative real-world impacts and propose possible defenses against our attacks.

A smartphone-assisted high-throughput integrated color-sensing platform for the rapid detection of Campylobacter coli

Campylobacter is one of the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide. A new smartphone-assisted high-throughput integrated color-sensing platform, called the HICS platform, was developed for the rapid detection of Campylobacter coli. This platform was based on the visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. Using this system, as many as 64 samples could be assessed in less than an hour after enrichment. 60 meat samples were tested to compare the performance of the HICS platform and other methods. Having the consistent detection result with TaqMan qPCR (Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction), the HICS platform was able to reliably detect C. coli in meat samples, and its limit of detection is 550 CFU/mL and 120 copies/mu L, which was 10-fold higher than that of the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method. To conclude, considering that our platform showed robust performance and does not require any expensive equipment, it can also be reliably applied for the high-throughput detection of other pathogens.

Tourist Congestion Perception of Tourist Flow during the COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 has had a large impact on tourism demands, preferences, and behaviors. Understanding tourist congestion perception during normal and abnormal events has become a key to formulate tourist flow control schemes and develop tourism demand management in the post-COVID period. This paper explores the correlation mechanism among tourist congestion perception, tourism information services, and tourists travel behaviors in normal and abnormal conditions. To acquire tourist travel behavior, congestion perception, and tourists' socioeconomic attributes, a stated preference survey was done. The changes in travel information demand during different COVID-19 pandemic levels with different congestion perceptions were analyzed, and the effects of influencing factors such as information obtained from different tourism stages and tourist density were qualitatively analyzed. A tourist congestion perception model was established. The analysis provides basic data for establishment of tourist flow control schemes in tourist attractions and reasonable tourism information dissemination in the post-COVID-19 period. © ASCE.

Demand for labour post-Covid-19: The case of China

This chapter investigates the characteristics of labour demanding during the post-Covid-19 period in China. We extract information from the recruitment advertisements in online job portals. We find that the job requirements vary across sectors for the potential employees. The candidates' background, relevant knowledge and professional skills are more important in the technology and finance industries. The common skills required are communication, execution and marketing skills. Secondly, the technology industry hires the most people among all industries, especially in metropolis areas. Our findings imply that during the post-pandemic period of Covid-19, the technology industry draws more and more attention. The government and universities could provide more courses to fulfil the requirements of the high-demand industry. © 2022 World Scientific Publishing Company.

A Dynamic Resource Allocation Framework for Synchronizing Metaverse with IoT Service and Data

Spurred by the severe restrictions on mobility due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is currently intense interest in developing the Metaverse, to offer virtual services/business online. A key enabler of such virtual service is the digital twin, i.e., a digital replication of real-world entities in the Metaverse, e.g., city twin, avatars, etc. The real-world data collected by IoT devices and sensors are key for synchronizing the two worlds. In this paper, we consider the scenario in which a group of IoT devices are employed by the Metaverse platform to collect such data on behalf of virtual service providers (VSPs). Device owners, who are self-interested, dynamically select a VSP to maximize rewards. We adopt hybrid evolutionary dynamics, in which heterogeneous device owner populations can employ different revision protocols to update their strategies. Extensive simulations demonstrate that a hybrid protocol can lead to evolutionary stable states. © 2022 IEEE.

Identification and Analysis of Opinion Leaders for COVID-19 Related Rumor Spreading in Social Media

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, thousands of rumors have occurred on social media, and it is significant to identify opinion leaders who play decisive roles during rumor spreading. However, existing literature lacks such opinion leaders identification and following analysis of COVID-19 background. So this paper takes a COVID-19 case as an example and collects data from Sina Weibo, which is a popular twitter-like social media in China. Then three different centrality measures are applied. Finally, a venn diagram is used to analyze opinion leaders identified, and profiles of them on Weibo are taken into consideration. In conclusion, the paper finds that opinion leaders identified during rumor spreading are institutional and individual accounts with a huge number of followers. But in terms of numbers, government institutions spread information to more people;in terms of breadth, impactful individual accounts deliver more information to more people from all walks of life. © VDE VERLAG GMBH - Berlin - Offenbach.

COVID-19 pandemic and clinicopathologic characteristics of colorectal cancer in Korea: A multicenter, retrospective study

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected not only the control and management of infectious diseases, but also those of other diseases by deteriorating the general healthcare systems worldwide. In accordance with the suggestion by the WHO for postponement of non-urgent procedures, diagnosis and treatment strategies for the patients with malignancy have been changed. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on primary colorectal cancer (CRC) from multi-institutions in Korea. Methods: Medical records of consecutive patients with CRC between March 2019 and February 2021 in six university hospitals were reviewed. Recurrent diseases, admission for management of complications or enterostomy repair, and other pathologies than adenocarcinoma were excluded. Baseline characteristics and perioperative outcomes were compared after a cohort was divided into the two groups: before and after around March 2020, when the COVID-19 test has been mandatory for all admitted patients in most institutions. Treatment characteristics and pathologic outcomes were also compared between the two groups. Results: A total of 3895 patients with CRC admitted during the study period. After 454 patients were excluded, 1820 and 1621 patients were assigned to the pre-pandemic and pandemic groups. The proportion of patients who could not receive curative or palliative surgery for stage IV diseases was not different (88 vs. 91, P>0.999), and 3262 patients underwent surgery for primary CRC. Among them, the pandemic group showed more previous abdominal surgery (21.2% vs. 15.4%, P<0.001), higher preoperative CEA level (46.7 vs. 16.0 ng/mL, P=0.021), and less stent insertion for obstructive lesion (33% vs. 46.4%, P=0.043). There was no difference in sex, age, the ASA grade, and tumor location between the groups. Perioperative outcomes including operation time, operation method, operation type, and postoperative complication rates were not different, whereas more stoma formation was performed in the pandemic group (15.3% vs. 12.4%, P=0.024). Pathologic outcomes including TNM stage, tumor diameter, harvested lymph nodes, and lymphovascular invasion were not different. However, the pandemic group showed higher tendency of lymph node metastasis (44% vs. 40.6%, P=0.070) and more adjuvant chemotherapy (26.4% vs. 20.1%, P<0.001). Conclusions: Although a few factors indicated more advanced CRC, clinical features and perioperative outcomes of the patients in COVID-19 pandemic seemed not to be aggravated in Korea. The national healthcare system which was not shut down in the pandemic, and relatively small number of COVID-19 prevalence might influence these results, although patients' access and medical checkup seemed to decrease slightly. The cause and effect of decreased medical access would be clarified by long-term follow up data.

[Anesthesia management of athletes' operation in Beijing Olympic Winter Games]

According to literature reports, the injury rate of the athletes in Olympic Winter Games recent years was as high as 10%-14%. Combined with the background of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the medical insurance work of the 24th Olympic Winter Games held in Beijing had put forward more complicated requirements and more severe challenges. In order to better optimize anesthesia management, this article summarized the perioperative treatment of athletes in Olympic Winter Games, the safety protection strategy of medical staff under general anesthesia, and the potential impact of peri-operative drugs on athletes. Anesthesiologists, as the core members of the rescue team, should be familiar with the particularity of operative anesthesia of athletes, sum up relevant experience to ensure the safety of perioperative patients. So all kinds of technical measures should be taken in the process of operation to minimize the indoor pollution caused by the patient's cough. For example, all the patients should wear N95 masks from the ward to the operating room, and after the operation, wear the N95 masks back to the ward. Although the International Olympic Committee had banned more than 200 drugs for participants and athletes who had to strictly follow International Olympic Committee requirements during anesthesia, the athletes were no longer participating in this Olympic Winter Games, so opioids (sufentanil and remifentanil) and glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) could be used according to the actual needs of surgery and anesthesia. Five athletes in Yanqing competition area underwent surgical anesthesia in Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital. All the five patients received general anesthesia, of whom four underwent orthopaedic surgery and one underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. General anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway was the first choice in the five patients. And the pain after orthopaedic surgery was severe and nerve block technique could effectively relieve the pain after surgery. Three patients received ultrasound-guided nerve block analgesia, the postoperative analgesia lasted 36 h. After the operation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was infused intravenously in the ward and all the patients recovered uneventfully. As the core member of the trauma rescue team, anesthesiologists should be familiar with the particularity of the athletes' surgical anesthesia, do a good job in medical security, and summarize relevant experience to ensure the life safety of the perioperative patients.

Influence of Technology-Mediated Learning Models on Student Satisfaction Based on Self-Determination Theory

As humans may need to co-exist with the Covid-19 in the long term, course delivery in higher education is increasingly dependent on technology-mediated learning. However, research on the impact of technology-mediated learning on student satisfaction is not sufficiently addressed in academic English learning. Questionnaires were administered to 282 Chinese undergraduate students to examine their perceptions of the three instruction models (face-to-face, blended learning, and flipped learning) from six dimensions. Six semi-structured student interviews were conducted to explore their feelings toward the learning models based on the self-determination theory (SDT). Three major findings were reported. First, the technology-mediated learning environment facilitates students’ needs for SDT. Second, FL learning did not significantly increase student satisfaction with BL learning. Third, besides SDT factors, students also had psychological needs to ease tension. The findings shed light on the need for future instructional designs in technology-mediated learning models in academic English learning. © 2022, CALL-EJ. All rights reserved.

IRE1A/ XBP1s Axis of ER Stress Promotes DRP1 Phosphorylation at Specific Serine Residue (S616) and Induces Mitochondrial Fragmentation During Airway Inflammation

RATIONALE: Airway inflammation plays a role in airway diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, and COVID-19 that affect millions of people worldwide. Previously, we showed that acute (24-h) exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) triggers an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in human airway smooth muscle (hASM) cells. In hASM cells, TNFα selectively activates the inositol requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) ER stress pathway with downstream splicing of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s), which transcriptionally activates expression of target genes that include proteins mediating phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (pDRP1) at the Ser616 (S616) residue. Increased pDRP1 at S616 is associated with mitochondrial fission (fragmentation);however, DRP1 is also phosphorylated at Ser637 (S637) residue, and the balance between phosphorylation at S616 and S637 regulates the translocation of DRP1 from cytosol to mitochondria and subsequent fragmentation of mitochondria. In the present study, we hypothesized that TNFα induces ER stress leading to XBP1s mediated increase in the expression of specific kinases that phosphorylate DRP1 at S616 and promote mitochondrial fragmentation. METHODS: hASM cells, dissociated from bronchial tissue obtained from patients with no history of respiratory diseases, were exposed to TNFα (20 ng/ ml for 6-h). As an inhibitor of fragmentation, cells were treated with Mdivi1 (50 μM for 6-h), GTPase inhibitor of DRP1. The expression and phosphorylation status of IRE1α, DRP1, XBP1, cyclin dependent kinases (CDK1, CDK5) and cyclin B1 were quantified by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Mitochondrial morphology was assessed by 3D confocal microscopy using MitoTracker. XBP1-targets were confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analysis predicted putative binding sites of XBP1 in the promoter region of CDK1, CDK5 and cyclin B1 genes that are reported to phosphorylate DRP1 at S616. Consistent with our previous findings, we found that TNFα increases IRE1α phosphorylation and XBP1 splicing. The TNFα induced increase in XBP1s transcriptionally activated expression of CDK1, CDK5 and cyclin B1 and leads to subsequent phosphorylation of DRP1 at S616 with no change in S637 phosphorylation. As a result, TNFα mediated increase in the ratio of S616/ S637 phosphorylation, which promoted translocation of DRP1 from cytosol to mitochondria and mitochondrial fragmentation. We also showed that Mdivi1 mediated inhibition of DRP1-GTPase activity ameliorated phosphorylation at S616 residue and significantly reduced mitochondrial fragmentation. CONCLUSIONS: The present study elucidates the mechanism underlying TNFα induced ER stress and mitochondrial fragmentation.